_____________________________
Sophocles
Oedipus the King
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This translation by Ian Johnston of
Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, a revised version (2014)
of an earlier translation, has certain copyright restrictions. For information
please use the following link: Copyright.
For comments or question please contact Ian Johnston.
This text is available in the form of a
Word file for those who would like to print it off as a small book. There
is no charge for these files. For details, please use the following link:
Publisher files. This
translation is available in the form of a published paperback book from Richer Resources
Publications.
For a catalogue of other translations
by Ian Johnston, please use the following link: Index
TRANSLATOR’S
NOTE
In the following text the numbers in
square brackets refer to the Greek text; the numbers without brackets refer to
the English text. The asterisks indicate links to explanatory notes inserted by
the translator.
The translator would like to
acknowledge the invaluable help provided by Sir Richard Jebb’s
translation and commentary.
For an introductory lecture on Oedipus
the King, please use the following link: Oedipus.
BACKGROUND
NOTE
Sophocles (495 BC-405 BC) was a famous and
successful Athenian writer of tragedies in his own lifetime. Of his 120 plays,
only 7 have survived. Oedipus the King, also called Oedipus
Tyrannos or Oedipus Rex, written
around 420 BC, has long been regarded not only as his finest play but also as
the purest and most powerful expression of Greek tragic drama.
Oedipus, a stranger to Thebes, became king of the
city after the murder of king Laius, about fifteen or sixteen years before the
start of the play. He was offered the throne because he was successful in
saving the city from the Sphinx, an event referred to repeatedly in the text of
the play. He married Laius’ widow, Jocasta, and had four children with her, two sons, Eteocles
and Polyneices, and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene.
OEDIPUS THE
KING
DRAMATIS
PERSONAE
OEDIPUS: king of Thebes
PRIEST: the high priest of Thebes
CREON: Oedipus’ brother-in-law
CHORUS of Theban elders
TEIRESIAS: an old blind prophet
BOY: attendant on Teiresias
JOCASTA: wife of Oedipus, sister of Creon
MESSENGER: an old man
SERVANT: an old shepherd
SECOND MESSENGER: a servant of Oedipus
ANTIGONE: daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, a child
ISMENE: daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, a child
SERVANTS and ATTENDANTS on Oedipus and Jocasta
[The action takes place in Thebes in
front of the royal palace. The main doors are directly facing the audience.
There are altars beside the doors. A crowd of citizens carrying branches
decorated with laurel garlands and wool and led by the PRIEST has gathered in
front of the altars, with some people sitting on the altar steps. OEDIPUS
enters through the palace doors]
OEDIPUS
My children, latest generation born from
Cadmus,
why are you sitting here with wreathed sticks
in supplication to me, while the city
fills with incense, chants, and cries of pain?1
Children, it would not be appropriate for me
to learn of this from any other source,
so I have come in person—I, Oedipus,
whose fame all men acknowledge. But you there,
old man, tell me—you seem to be the one
who ought to speak for those assembled here. 10 [10]
What feeling brings you
to me—fear or desire?
You can be confident that I will help.
I shall assist you willingly in every way.
I would be a hard-hearted man indeed,
if I did not pity suppliants like these.
PRIEST
Oedipus, ruler of my native land,
you see how people here of every age
are crouching down around your altars,
some fledglings barely strong enough to fly
and others bent by age, with priests as well— 20
for I’m priest of Zeus—and these ones here,
the pick of all our youth. The other groups
sit in the market place with suppliant branches
or else in front of Pallas’ two shrines, [20]
or where Ismenus
prophesies with fire.2
For our city, as you yourself
can see,
is badly shaken—she cannot raise her head
above the depths of so much surging death.
Disease infects fruit blossoms in our land,
disease infects our herds of grazing cattle, 30
makes women in labour lose their children,
and deadly pestilence, that fiery god,
swoops down to blast the city, emptying
the House of Cadmus, and fills black Hades [30]
with groans and howls. These children and myself
now sit here by your home, not because we
think
you’re equal to the gods. No. We judge you
the first of men in what happens in this life
and in our interactions with the gods.
For you came here, to our Cadmeian
city,
40
and freed us from the tribute we were paying
to that cruel singer—and yet you knew
no more than we did and had not been taught.3
In their stories, the people testify
how, with gods’ help, you gave us back our
lives.
So now, Oedipus, our king, most powerful [40]
in all men’s eyes, we’re here as suppliants,
all begging you to find some help for us,
either by listening to a heavenly voice,
or learning from some other human being.
50
For, in my view, men of experience
provide advice which gives the best results.
So now, you best of men, raise
up our state.
Act to consolidate your fame, for now,
thanks to your eagerness in earlier days,
the city celebrates you as its saviour.
Don’t let our memory of your ruling here
[50]
declare that we were first set right again
and later fell. No. Restore our city,
so that it stands secure. In those times past 60
you brought us joy—and with good omens, too.
Be that same man today. If you’re to rule
as you are doing now, better to be king
in a land of men than in a desert.
An empty ship or city wall is nothing
if no men share your life together there.
OEDIPUS
My poor children, I know why you have come—
I am not ignorant of what you yearn for.
For I understand that you are ill, and yet,
[60]
sick as you are, there is not one of you 70
whose illness equals mine. Your agony
comes to each one of you as his alone,
a special pain for him and no one else.
But the soul inside me sorrows for myself,
and for the city, and for you—all together.
You are not rousing me from a deep sleep.
You must know I’ve been shedding many tears
and, in my wandering thoughts, exploring
many pathways. After a careful search
I followed up the one thing I could find 80
and acted on it. So I have sent away
my brother-in-law, son of Menoeceus,
Creon, to Pythian Apollo’s shrine, [70]
to learn from him what I might do or say
to save our city. But when I count the days—
the time he’s been away—I now worry
what he’s doing. For he’s been gone too long,
well past the time he should have taken.
But when he comes, I’ll be a wicked man
if I do not act on all the god reveals. 90
PRIEST
What you have said is most appropriate,
for these men here have just informed me
that Creon is
approaching.
OEDIPUS
Lord Apollo, [80]
as he returns may fine shining fortune,
bright as his countenance, attend on him.
PRIEST
It seems the news he brings is good—if not,
he would not wear that wreath around
his head,
a laurel thickly packed with berries.4
OEDIPUS
We’ll know soon enough—he’s within earshot.
[Enter CREON. OEDIPUS calls to him as
he approaches]
My royal
kinsman, child of Menoeceus, 100
what message do you bring us from the god?
CREON
Welcome news. I tell you even troubles
difficult to bear will all end happily
if events lead to the right conclusion.
OEDIPUS
What is the oracle? So far your words
inspire in me no confidence or fear.
[90]
CREON
If you wish to hear the news in public,
I’m prepared to speak. Or we could step inside.
OEDIPUS
Speak out to everyone. The grief I feel
for these citizens is even greater 110
than any pain I feel for my own life.
CREON
Then let me report what I heard from the
god.
Lord Phoebus clearly orders us to drive away
the polluting stain this land has harboured.
It will not be healed if we keep nursing it.
OEDIPUS
What sort of cleansing? And this disaster—
how did it happen?
CREON
By banishment— [100]
or atone for murder by shedding blood again,
for blood brings on the storm which blasts our
state.
OEDIPUS
And the one whose fate the god revealed— 120
what sort of man is he?
CREON
Before you came, my lord,
to steer our ship of state, Laius ruled this
land.
OEDIPUS
I have heard that, but I never saw the man.
CREON
Laius was killed. And now the god is clear:
those murderers, he tells us, must be punished,
whoever they may be.
OEDIPUS
And where are they?
In what country? Where
am I to find a trace
of this ancient crime? It will be hard to track.
CREON
Here in Thebes, so said the god. What is
sought
is found, but what is overlooked escapes.
130 [110]
OEDIPUS
When Laius fell in bloody death, where was
he—
at home, or in his fields, or in another land?
CREON
He was abroad, on his way to Delphi—
that’s what he told us. He began the trip,
but did not return.
OEDIPUS
Was there no messenger—
no companion who made the journey with him
and witnessed what took place—a person
who might provide some knowledge men could use?
CREON
They all died—except for one who was afraid
and ran away. There was only one thing 140
he could inform us of with confidence
about the things he saw.
OEDIPUS
What was that?
We might get somewhere if we had one fact—
[120]
we could find many things, if we possessed
some slender hope to get us going.
CREON
He told us it was robbers who attacked
them—
not just a single man, a gang of them—
they came on with force and killed him.
OEDIPUS
How would a thief have dared to do this,
unless he had financial help from Thebes?
150
CREON
That’s what we guessed. But once Laius was
dead
we were in trouble, so no one sought revenge.
OEDIPUS
When the ruling king had fallen in this
way,
what bad trouble blocked your path, preventing
you
from looking into it?
CREON
It was the Sphinx— [130]
she sang her enigmatic song and forced us
to put aside something we found obscure
to look into the problem we now faced.
OEDIPUS
Then I will start afresh,
and once again
shed light on darkness. It is most fitting 160
that Apollo demonstrates his care
for the dead man, and worthy of you, too.
And so, as is right, you will see how I
work with you, seeking vengeance for this land,
as well as for the god. This polluting stain
I will remove, not for some distant friends,
but for myself. For whoever killed this man
may soon enough desire to turn his hand [140]
to punish me in the same way, as well.
Thus, in avenging Laius, I serve myself.
170
But now, my children, as quickly as you can
stand up from these altar steps and raise
your suppliant branches. Someone must call
the Theban people to assemble here.
I’ll do everything I can. With the god’s help
this will all come to light successfully,
or else it will prove our common ruin.
[OEDIPUS and CREON go into the palace]
PRIEST
Let us get up, children. For this man
has willingly declared just what we came for.
And may Phoebus, who sent this oracle,
180
come as our saviour and end our sickness.
[150]
[The PRIEST and the CITIZENS leave.
Enter the CHORUS OF THEBAN ELDERS]
CHORUS
O sweet speaking voice of Zeus,
you have come to glorious Thebes from
golden Pytho—
but what is your intent?
My fearful heart twists on the rack and
shakes with fear.
O Delian healer, for whom we cry aloud
in holy awe, what obligation
will you demand from me, a thing unknown
or now renewed with the revolving years?
Immortal voice, O child of golden Hope, 190
speak to me!
First I call on you, Athena the immortal,
daughter of Zeus, and on your sister, too, [160]
Artemis, who guards our land and sits
on her glorious round
throne in our market place,
and on
Phoebus, who shoots from far away.
O you three guardians against death,
appear to me!
If before now you have ever driven off
a fiery plague to keep away disaster 200
from the city and have banished it,
then come to us this time as well!
Alas, the pains I bear are numberless—
my people now all sick with plague,
our minds can find no weapons
[170]
to serve as our defence. Now the offspring
of our splendid earth no longer grow,
nor do our women crying out in labour
get
their relief from a living new-born child.
As you can see—one by
one they swoop away, 210
off to the shores of the
evening god, like birds
faster than fire which no one can resist.
Our city dies—we’ve lost count of all the dead.
Her sons lie in
the dirt unpitied, unlamented.
[180]
Corpses spread the pestilence, while youthful
wives
and
grey-haired mothers on the altar steps
wail everywhere and cry in supplication,
seeking to relieve their agonizing pain.
Their solemn chants ring out—
they mingle with the voices of lament. 220
O Zeus’ golden daughter,
send your support and strength,
your lovely countenance!
And that ravenous Ares, god of killing,
who now consumes me as he charges on
with no bronze shield
but howling battle cries,
let him turn his back and quickly
leave this land,
with a fair following wind to carry him
to the great chamber of Amphitrite
or inhospitable waves of Thrace.5 230
For if destruction does not come at night,
then day arrives to see it does its work.
O you who
wield that mighty flash of fire,
[200]
O father Zeus, with your lighting blast
let Ares be destroyed!
O Lyceian lord, how I wish those arrows
from the
golden string of your bent bow
with their all-conquering force
would wing out
to champion us against our enemy,
and the
blazing fires of Artemis, as well,
240
with which she races through
the Lycian hills.6
I call the god who
binds his hair with gold,
the
one whose name our country shares, [210]
the one to whom the Maenads shout
their cries,
Dionysus with his radiant face—
may he come to us with his
flaming torchlight,
our ally against Ares,
a god dishonoured among gods.7
[Enter OEDIPUS from the palace]
OEDIPUS
You pray. But if you listen now to me,
you’ll get your wish. Hear what I have to say 250
and treat your own disease—then you may hope
to find relief from your distress. I shall speak
as one who is a stranger to the story,
a stranger to the crime. If I alone
were tracking down this act, I’d not get far
[220]
without a single clue. But as things stand,
for it was after the event that I became
a citizen of Thebes, I now proclaim
the following to all of you Cadmeians:
Whoever among you knows the man it was 260
who murdered Laius,
son of Labdacus,
I order him to reveal it all to me.
And if the killer is afraid, I tell him
to avoid the danger of the major charge
by speaking out against himself. If so,
he will be sent out from this land unhurt
and undergo no further punishment.
If someone knows the killer is a stranger,
[230]
from some other state, let him not stay mute.
As well as a reward, he’ll earn my thanks.
270
But if he remains quiet, if anyone,
through fear, hides himself or a friend of his
against my orders, here’s what I shall do—
so listen to my words. For I decree
that no one in this land, in which I rule
as your own king, shall give that killer shelter
or talk to him, whoever he may be,
or act in concert with him during prayers,
or sacrifice, or sharing lustral
water.8 [240]
Ban him from your homes, every one of you, 280
for he is our pollution, as the Pythian god
In this, I’m acting as
an ally of the god
and of dead Laius, too. And I pray
whoever the man is who did this crime,
one unknown person acting on his own
or with companions, the worst of agonies
will wear out his wretched life. I pray, too,
that, if he should become an honoured guest
in my own home and with my knowledge,
290 [250]
I may suffer all those things I’ve just called
down
upon the killers. And I urge you now
to make sure all these orders take effect,
for my sake, for the sake of the god,
and for our barren, godless, ruined land.
For in this matter, even if a god
were not prompting us, it would not be right
for you to simply leave things as they are
and not to purify the murder of a man
who was so noble and who was your king. 300
You should have looked into it. But now I
possess the ruling power which Laius held
in earlier days. I have his bed and wife—
[260]
she would have borne his children, if his hopes
to have a son had not been disappointed.
Children from a common mother might have linked
Laius and myself. But
as it turned out,
Fate swooped down onto his head. So now I
will fight on his behalf, as if this matter
concerned my father, and I will strive
310
to do everything I can to find him,
the man who spilled his blood, and thus avenge
the son of Labdacus
and Polydorus,
of Cadmus and Agenor
from old times.9
As for those who do not follow what I
urge,
I pray the gods send them no fertile land,
no, nor any children in their women’s wombs—
[270]
may they all perish in our present fate
or one more hateful still. To you others,
you Cadmeians who support
my efforts,
320
may Justice, our ally, and all the gods
attend on us with kindness all our days.
CHORUS LEADER
My lord, since you extend your oath to me,
I will say this. I am not the murderer,
nor can I tell you who the killer is.
As for what you’re seeking, it’s for Apollo,
who launched this search, to state who did it.
OEDIPUS
That is well said. But no man has power [280]
to force the gods to speak against their will.
CHORUS LEADER
May I then suggest what seems
to me
330
the next best course of action?
OEDIPUS
You may indeed,
and if there is a third course, too, don’t
hesitate
to let me know.
CHORUS LEADER
Our lord Teiresias,
I know, can see into things, like lord Apollo.
From him, my king, a man investigating this
might well find out clear details of the crime.
OEDIPUS
I’ve taken care of that—it’s not something
I could overlook. At Creon’s
urging,
I have dispatched two messengers to him
and have been wondering for some time now 340
why he has not come.
CHORUS LEADER
Apart from that,
there are rumours—but inconclusive ones
[290]
from a long time ago.
OEDIPUS
What
kind of rumours?
I’m looking into every story.
CHORUS LEADER
It was said
that Laius was killed by certain travellers.
OEDIPUS
Yes, I heard as much. But no one has seen
the one who did it.
CHORUS LEADER
Well,
if the killer
has any fears, once he hears your curses on him,
he will not hold back, for they are serious.
OEDIPUS
When a man has no fear of doing the act,
350
he’s not afraid of words.
CHORUS LEADER
No, not in the case
where no one stands there to convict him.
But at last Teiresias
is being guided here,
our god-like prophet, in whom truth resides
more so than in all other men.
[Enter TEIRESIAS led by a small BOY]
OEDIPUS
Teiresias, [300]
you who understand all things—what can be taught
and what cannot be spoken of, what goes on
in heaven and here on the earth—you know,
although you cannot see, how sick our state is.
And so we find in you alone,
great seer,
360
our shield and saviour. For Phoebus
Apollo,
in case you have not heard the news, has sent us
an answer to our question: the only cure
for this infecting pestilence is to find
the men who murdered Laius and kill them
or else expel them from this land as exiles.
So do not withhold from us your prophecies
[310]
from voices of the birds or by some other means.
Save this city and yourself. Rescue me.
Deliver us from all pollution by the dead.
370
We are in your hands. For a mortal man
the finest labour he can do is help
with all his power other human beings.
TEIRESIAS
Alas, alas! How dreadful it can be
to have wisdom when it brings no benefit
to the man possessing it. This I knew,
but it had slipped my mind. Otherwise,
I would not have journeyed here.
OEDIPUS
What is wrong? You have come, but
seem distressed.
TEIRESIAS
Let me go home. You must bear your
burden
380 [320]
to the very end, and I will carry mine,
if you’ll agree with me.
OEDIPUS
What you are saying
is not customary and shows little love
toward the city state which nurtured you,
if you deny us your prophetic voice.
TEIRESIAS
I see your words are also out of
place.
I do not speak for fear of doing the same.
OEDIPUS
If you know something, then, by the
gods,
do not turn away. We are your suppliants—
all of us—we bend our knees to you.
390
TEIRESIAS
You are all ignorant. I will not
reveal
the troubling things inside me, nor will I state
they are your griefs
as well.
OEDIPUS
What are you saying?
[330]
Do you know and will not say? Do you intend
to betray me and destroy the city?
TEIRESIAS
I will cause neither me nor you
distress.
Why do you vainly question me like this?
You will not learn a thing from me.
OEDIPUS
You most disgraceful of disgraceful men!
You would move something made of stone to rage! 400
Will you not speak out? Will your stubbornness
never have an end?
TEIRESIAS
You blame my temper,
but do not see the one which lives within you.
Instead, you are finding fault with me.
OEDIPUS
What man who listened to these
words of yours
would not be enraged—you insult the city! [340]
TEIRESIAS
Yet events will still unfold, for
all my silence.
OEDIPUS
Since they will come, you must
inform me.
TEIRESIAS
I will say nothing more. Fume on
about it,
if you wish, as fiercely as you can.
410
OEDIPUS
I will. In my anger I will not
conceal
just what I make of this. You should know
I get the feeling you conspired in the act
and played your part, as much as you could do,
short of killing him with your own hands.
If you could use your eyes, I would have said
that you had done this work all by yourself.
TEIRESIAS
Is that so? Then I would ask you to
stand by [350]
the very words which you yourself proclaimed
and from now on not speak to these men or me. 420
For the accursed polluter of this land is you.
OEDIPUS
You dare to utter shameful words
like this?
Do you think you can get away with it?
TEIRESIAS
I am getting away with it. The
truth
within me makes me strong.
OEDIPUS
Who taught you this?
It could not have been your craft.
TEIRESIAS
You did.
I did not want to speak, but you incited me.
OEDIPUS
What do you mean? Speak it again,
so I can understand you more precisely.
TEIRESIAS
Did you not grasp my words before, 430
or are you trying to test me with your question?
[360]
OEDIPUS
I did not fully understand your
words.
Tell me again.
TEIRESIAS
I say that you yourself
are the very man you’re looking for.
OEDIPUS
That’s twice you’ve stated that
disgraceful lie—
something you’ll regret.
TEIRESIAS
Shall I tell you more,
so you can grow even more enraged?
OEDIPUS
As much as you desire. It will be
useless.
TEIRESIAS
I say that with your dearest
family,
unknown to you, you are living in disgrace.
440
You have no idea how bad things are.
OEDIPUS
Do you really think you can just
speak out,
say things like this, and still remain
unpunished?
TEIRESIAS
Yes, I can, if the truth has any
strength.
OEDIPUS
It does, but not for you. Truth is
not in you— [370]
for your ears, your mind, your eyes are blind!
TEIRESIAS
You are a wretched fool to use
harsh words
which all men soon enough will use to curse you.
OEDIPUS
You live in endless darkness of the
night,
so you can never injure me or any man
450
who can glimpse daylight.
TEIRESIAS
It is not your fate
to fall because of me. It’s up to Apollo
to make that happen. He will be enough.
OEDIPUS
Is this something Creon has devised,
or is it your invention?
TEIRESIAS
Creon is no threat.
You have made this trouble on your own.
OEDIPUS
O wealth and ruling power, skill
after skill [380]
surpassing all in life’s rich rivalries,
how much envy you must carry with you,
if, for this kingly office, which the city 460
gave me, for I did not seek it out,
Creon, my old trusted
family friend,
has secretly conspired to overthrow me
and paid off a double-dealing quack like this,
a crafty bogus priest, who can only see
his own advantage, who in his special art
is absolutely blind. Come on, tell
me [390]
how you have ever given evidence
of your wise prophecy. When the Sphinx,
that singing bitch, was here, you said nothing 470
to set the people free. Why not? Her riddle
was not something the first man to stroll along
could solve—a prophet was required. And there
the people saw your knowledge was no use—
nothing from birds or picked up from the gods.
But then I came, Oedipus, who knew nothing.
Yet I finished her off, using my wits
rather than relying on birds. That’s the man
you want to overthrow, hoping, no doubt,
to stand up there with Creon,
once he’s king. 480 [400]
But I think you and your conspirator in this
will regret trying to drive me from the state.
If you did not look so old, you’d find out
the punishment your arrogance deserves.
CHORUS LEADER
To us it sounds as if Teiresias
has spoken in anger, and, Oedipus,
you have done so, too. That’s not what we need.
Instead we should be looking into this:
How can we best carry out the god’s decree?
TEIRESIAS
You may be king, but I have the
right
490
to answer you—and I control that right,
for I am not your slave. I serve Apollo, [410]
and thus will never stand with Creon,
signed up as his man. So I say this to you,
since you have chosen to insult my blindness—
you have your eyesight, and you do not see
how miserable you are, or where you live,
or who it is who shares your household.
Do you know the family you come from?
Without your knowledge you have turned into 500
the enemy of your own relatives,
those in the world below and those up here,
and the dreadful scourge of that two-edged curse
of father and mother will one day drive you
from this land in exile. Those eyes of yours,
which now can see so clearly, will be dark.
What harbour will not echo with your cries?
[420]
Where on Cithaeron will they not soon be
heard,
once you have learned the truth about the
wedding
by which you sailed into this royal house— 510
a lovely voyage, but the harbour’s doomed?10
You have no idea of the quantity
of other troubles which will render you
and your own children equals. So go on—
keep insulting Creon
and my prophecies,
for among all living mortals no one
will be destroyed more wretchedly than you.
OEDIPUS
Must I tolerate this insolence from
him?
Get out, and may the plague get rid of you!
[430]
Off with you! Now! Turn
your back and go! 520
And don’t come back here to my home again.
TEIRESIAS
I would not have come, but you
summoned me.
OEDIPUS
I did not know you would speak so
stupidly.
If I had, you would have waited a long time
before I called you here.
TEIRESIAS
I was born like this.
You think I am a fool, but to your parents,
the ones who made you, I was wise enough.
OEDIPUS
Wait! My parents?
Who was my father?
TEIRESIAS
This day will reveal that and
destroy you.
OEDIPUS
Everything you speak is all so
cryptic— 530
like a riddle.
TEIRESIAS
Well, in solving
riddles, [440]
are you not the best
there is?
OEDIPUS
Mock my excellence,
but you will find out I am truly great.
TEIRESIAS
That success of yours has been your
ruin.
OEDIPUS
I do not care,
if I have saved the city.
TEIRESIAS
I will go now. Boy, lead me away.
OEDIPUS
Yes, let him guide you back. You’re
in the way.
If you stay, you will provoke me. Once you’re
gone,
you won’t annoy me further.
TEIRESIAS
I’m going.
But first I shall tell you why I came.
540
I do not fear the face of your displeasure—
there is no way you can destroy me. I tell you,
the man you have been seeking all this time,
while proclaiming threats and issuing orders
[450]
about the one who murdered Laius—
that man is here. According to reports,
he is a stranger who lives here in Thebes.
But he will prove to be a native Theban.
From that change he will derive no pleasure.
He will be blind, although he now can see.
550
He will be a poor, although he now is rich.
He will set off for a foreign country,
groping the ground before him with a stick.
And he will turn out to be the brother
of the children in his house—their father, too,
both at once, and the husband and the son
of the very woman who gave birth to him.
He sowed the same womb
as his father
and murdered him. Go in and think on this.
[460]
If you discover I have
spoken falsely,
560
you can say I lack all skill in prophecy.
[Exit TEIRESIAS led off by the BOY.
OEDIPUS turns and goes back into the palace]
CHORUS
Speaking from the Delphic rock
the oracular voice intoned a name.
But who is the man, the one
who with his blood-red hands
has done unspeakable brutality?
The time has come for him to flee—
to move his powerful foot
more swiftly than those hooves
on horses riding on the storm.
570
Against him Zeus’ son now springs, [470]
armed with lightning fire and leading on
the inexorable and terrifying Furies.11
From the
snowy peaks of Mount Parnassus
the message has just flashed, ordering all
to seek the one whom no one knows.12
Like a wild bull he wanders now,
hidden in the untamed wood,
through rocks and caves, alone
with his despair on joyless feet,
580
keeping his distance from that doom
uttered at earth’s central navel stone.
[480]
But that fatal oracle still lives,
hovering above his head forever.
That
wise interpreter of prophecies
stirs up my fears, unsettling dread.
I cannot approve of what he said
and I cannot deny it.
I am confused. What shall I say?
My hopes are fluttering here and there,
with no clear glimpse of past or future. 590
I have never heard of any quarrelling,
past or present, between those two,
the house of Labdacus
and Polybus’ son,
which could give me evidence enough
to undermine the fame of Oedipus,
as he seeks vengeance for the unsolved
murder
in the family line of Labdacus.13
Apollo
and Zeus are truly wise—
they understand what humans do.
But there is no sure way to
ascertain 600
if human prophets grasp things any more
than I do, although in wisdom one man
[500]
may leave another far behind.
But until I see the words confirmed,
I will not approve of any man
who censures Oedipus, for it was clear
when that winged Sphinx went after him
he was a wise man then. We witnessed it.
He passed the test and endeared himself
to all the city. So in my thinking now
610
[510]
he never will be guilty of a crime.
[Enter CREON]
CREON
You citizens, I have just
discovered
that Oedipus, our king, has levelled charges
against me, disturbing allegations.
That I cannot bear, so I have come here.
In these present troubles, if he believes
that he has suffered any injury from me,
in word or deed, then I have no desire
to continue living into ripe old age
still bearing his reproach. For me
620
the injury produced by this report
is no single isolated matter—
[520]
no, it has the greatest scope of all,
if I end up being called a wicked man
here in the city, a bad citizen,
by you and by my friends.
CHORUS LEADER
Perhaps he charged you
spurred on by the rash power of his rage,
rather than his mind’s true judgment.
CREON
Was it publicized that my opinions
convinced Teiresias to
utter lies?
630
CHORUS LEADER
That’s what was said. I have no
idea
just what that meant.
CREON
Did he accuse me
and announce the charges with a steady gaze,
in a normal state of mind?
CHORUS LEADER
I do not know. [530]
What those in power do
I do not see.
But he’s approaching from the palace—
here he comes in person.
[Enter OEDIPUS from the palace]
OEDIPUS
You! How did you get here?
Has your face grown so bold that you now come
to my own home—you who are obviously
the murderer of the man whose house it was, 640
a thief who clearly wants to steal my throne?
Come, in the name of all the gods, tell me this—
did you plan to do it because you thought
I was a coward or a fool? Or did you think
I would not learn about your actions
as they crept up on me with such deceit—
or that, if I knew, I could not deflect them?
This attempt of yours, is it not madness—
[540]
to chase after the king’s place without friends,
without a horde of men, to seek a goal
650
which only gold or factions could attain?
CREON
Will you listen to me? It’s your
turn now
to hear me make a suitable response.
Once you learn that, then
judge me for yourself.
OEDIPUS
You are a clever talker. But from you
I will learn little. I know you now—
a troublemaker, an enemy of mine.
CREON
At least first listen to what I
have to say.
OEDIPUS
There’s one thing you do not have
to tell me—
that you have not done wrong.
CREON
If you think being stubborn 660
and forgetting common sense is wise,
then you’re not
thinking as you should.
[550]
OEDIPUS
And if you think you can act to
injure
a man who is a relative of yours
and escape without a penalty
then you he not been thinking wisely.
CREON
I agree. What you’ve just said
makes sense.
So tell me the nature of the damage
you claim you’re suffering because of me.
OEDIPUS
Did you or did you not persuade me 670
to send for Teiresias,
that prophet?
CREON
Yes. And I’d still give you the same advice.
OEDIPUS
How long is it since Laius . .
. [pauses]
CREON
Did what?
What’s Laius got to do with anything?
OEDIPUS
. . . since Laius was carried off
and disappeared,
since he was killed so brutally?
[560]
CREON
A long time—
many years have passed since then.
OEDIPUS
At that time,
was Teiresias as
skilled in prophecy?
CREON
Then, as now, he was honoured for
his wisdom.
OEDIPUS
And back then did he ever mention
me? 680
CREON
No, never—not while I was with him.
OEDIPUS
Did you not investigate the
killing?
CREON
Yes, of course we did. But we found
nothing.
OEDIPUS
Why did this man, this wise man,
not speak up?
CREON
I do not know. And when I don’t
know something,
I like to hold my tongue.
OEDIPUS
You know enough— [570]
at least you understand enough to say . . .
CREON
What? If I really do know something
I will not deny it.
OEDIPUS
If Teiresias
were not working with you, he would not name me 690
as the one who murdered Laius.
CREON
If he says this,
well, you’re the one who knows. But I think
the time has come for me to question you
the way that you’ve been questioning me.
OEDIPUS
Ask whatever you wish. You’ll never
prove
that I’m the murderer.
CREON
Then tell me this—
are you not married to my sister?
OEDIPUS
Since you ask me, yes. I don’t deny
that.
CREON
And you two rule this land as
equals?
OEDIPUS
Whatever she desires, she gets from
me. 700 [580]
CREON
And am I not third, equal to you
both?
OEDIPUS
That’s what makes your friendship
so deceitful.
CREON
No, not if you think this through,
as I do.
First, consider this. In your view, would anyone
prefer to rule and have to cope with fear
rather than live in peace, carefree and safe,
if his powers were the same? I, for one,
have no natural desire to be king
in preference to performing royal acts.
The same is true of any other man
710
whose understanding grasps things properly.
For now I get everything I want from you,
[590]
but without the fear. If I were king myself,
I’d be doing many things against my will.
So how can being a king be sweeter to me
than royal power without anxiety?
I am not yet so mistaken in my mind
that I want things which bring no benefits.
Now all men are my friends and wish me well,
Those who seek to get
something from you 720
now flatter me, since I’m the one who brings
success in what they want. So why would I
give up such benefits for something else?
A mind that’s wise will not turn treacherous.
[600]
It’s not my nature to
love such policies.
And if another man pursued such things,
I would not work with him. I could not bear to.
If you want proof of this, then go to Delphi.
Ask the prophet if I brought back to you
exactly what was said. At that point,
730
if you discover I have planned something,
that I have conspired with Teiresias,
then arrest me and have me put to death,
not merely on your own authority,
but on mine as well, a double judgment.
Do not condemn me on an unproved charge.
It’s not fair to judge these things by
guesswork,
to assume bad men are good or good men bad.
[610]
In my view, to throw
away a noble friend
is like a man who parts with his own life, 740
the thing most dear to him. Give it some time.
Then you will see clearly, since only time
can fully validate a man who’s true.
A bad man is exposed in just one day.
CHORUS LEADER
For a man concerned about being
killed,
my lord, he has spoken eloquently.
Those who are unreliable give rash advice.
OEDIPUS
If some conspirator moves against
me,
in secret and with speed, I must be quick
to make my counter plans. If I just rest 750
and wait for him to act, then he’ll succeed
[620]
in what he wants to do,
and I’ll be finished.
CREON
What do you want—to exile me from
here?
OEDIPUS
No. I want you to die, not just run off—
so I can demonstrate what envy means.
CREON
You are determined not to change
your mind
or listen to me?
OEDIPUS
You’ll not convince me,
for there’s no way that I can trust you.
CREON
I can see that you’ve become
unbalanced.14
OEDIPUS
I’m sane enough to defend my
interests. 760
CREON
You should be protecting mine as
well.
OEDIPUS
But you’re a treacherous man. It’s
your nature.
CREON
What if you are wrong?
OEDIPUS
I still have to govern.
CREON
Not if you do it badly.
OEDIPUS
O Thebes—
my city!
CREON
I, too, have some
rights in Thebes— [630]
it is not yours alone.
[The palace doors open]
CHORUS LEADER
My lords, an end to this.
I see Jocasta coming
from the palace,
and just in time. With her assistance
you should bring this quarrel to a close.
[Enter JOCASTA from the palace]
JOCASTA
You foolish men, why are you
arguing
770
in such a stupid way? With our land so sick,
are you not ashamed to start a private fight?
You, Oedipus, go in the house, and you,
Creon, return to
yours. Why blow up
a trivial matter into something huge?
CREON
Sister, your husband Oedipus
intends
to punish me in one of two dreadful ways— [640]
to banish me from my fathers’ country
or arrest me and then have me killed.
OEDIPUS
That’s right.
Lady, I caught him committing treason,
780
an vicious crime
against me personally.
CREON
Let me not prosper but die a man
accursed,
if I have done what you accuse me of.
JOCASTA
Oedipus,
for the sake of the gods, trust
him in this.
Respect that oath he made before all heaven—
do it for my sake and for those around you.
CHORUS LEADER
I beg you, my lord, consent to
this—
agree with her. [650]
OEDIPUS
What is it then
you’re asking me to do?
CHORUS LEADER
Pay Creon due respect.
He has not been foolish in the past, and now 790
that oath he’s sworn has power.
OEDIPUS
Are you aware
just what you’re asking?
CHORUS LEADER
Yes. I understand.
OEDIPUS
Then tell me exactly what you’re
saying.
CHORUS LEADER
You should not accuse a friend of
yours
and thus dishonour him with a mere story
which may be false, when he has sworn an oath
and therefore could be subject to a curse.
OEDIPUS
By this point you should clearly
understand,
what you are doing when you request this—
seeking to exile me from Thebes or kill me.
800
CHORUS LEADER
No, no, by sacred Helios, the god [660]
who stands pre-eminent before the rest!
May I die the most miserable of deaths,
abandoned by the gods and by my friends,
if I have ever harboured such a thought!
But the destruction of our land wears down
the troubled heart within me—and so does this,
if you two add new problems to the ones
which have for so long been afflicting us.
OEDIPUS
Let him go, then, even though it’s
clear 810
I must be killed or sent from here in exile,
forced out in disgrace. I have been moved
[670]
to act compassionately by what you said,
not by Creon’s words.
But if he stays here,
he will be hateful to me.
CREON
You are stubborn—
obviously unhappy to concede,
and when you lose your temper, you go too far.
But men like that find it most difficult
to tolerate themselves.
In that there’s justice.
OEDIPUS
Why not go—just leave me alone?
CREON
I’ll leave— 820
since I see you do not understand me.
But these men here know I’m a reasonable man.
[Exit CREON away from the palace,
leaving OEDIPUS and JOCASTA and the CHORUS on stage]
CHORUS LEADER
Lady, will you escort our king
inside?
JOCASTA
Yes, once I have learned what
happened here. [680]
CHORUS LEADER
They talked—
their words gave rise to uninformed suspicions,
but even unjust words inflict sore wounds.
JOCASTA
From both of them?
CHORUS LEADER
Yes.
JOCASTA
What caused it?
CHORUS LEADER
With our country already in
distress,
it is enough, it seems to me, enough
to leave things as they are.
OEDIPUS
Now do you see 830
the point you’ve reached thanks to your noble
wish
to dissolve and dull what I felt in my heart?
CHORUS LEADER
My lord, I have declared it more
than once, [690]
so you must know it would have been quite mad
if I abandoned you, who, when this land,
my cherished Thebes, was in great trouble,
set it right again and who, in these harsh times
should prove a trusty and successful guide.
JOCASTA
By all the gods, my king, let me
know
why in this present matter you now feel 840
such unremitting rage.
OEDIPUS
To you I’ll speak, lady,
[700]
since I respect you more than I do these men.
It’s Creon’s fault. He
conspired against me.
JOCASTA
In this quarrel what was said? Tell
me.
OEDIPUS
Creon
claims that I’m the murderer—
that I killed Laius.
JOCASTA
Does he know this first hand,
or has he picked it up from someone else?
OEDIPUS
No. He set up that treasonous prophet.
What he says himself all sounds quite innocent.
JOCASTA
All right, forget about those
things you’ve said. 850
Listen to me, and ease your mind with this—
no human being has skill in prophecy.
I’ll show you why with this example.
[710]
King Laius once
received a oracle.
I won’t say it came straight from Apollo,
but it was from those who do assist the god.
It said Laius was fated to be killed
by a child of ours, one born to him and me.
Now, at least according to the story,
one day Laius was killed by foreigners,
860
by robbers, at a place where three roads meet.
Besides, before our child was three days old,
Laius pinned his ankles tight together
and ordered other men to throw him out
on a mountain rock where no one ever goes.
And so Apollo’s plan that he’d become
[720]
the one who killed his father didn’t work,
and Laius never suffered what he feared,
that his own son would be his murderer,
although that’s what the oracle had claimed. 870
So don’t concern yourself with prophecies.
Whatever gods intend to bring about
they themselves make known quite easily.
OEDIPUS
Lady, as I listen to these words of
yours,
my soul is shaken, my mind confused . . .
JOCASTA
Why do you say that? What’s
worrying you?
OEDIPUS
I thought I heard you say that
Laius
was murdered at a place where three roads meet.
[730]
JOCASTA
That’s what was said and people
still believe.
OEDIPUS
Where is this place? Where did it
happen? 880
JOCASTA
In a land called Phocis. Two roads
lead there—
one from Delphi and one from Daulia.
OEDIPUS
How long is it since these events
took place?
JOCASTA
The story was reported in the city
just before you assumed royal power
here in Thebes.
OEDIPUS
O Zeus, what have you done?
What have you planned for me?
JOCASTA
What is it,
Oedipus? Why is your spirit so troubled?
OEDIPUS
Not yet, [740]
no questions yet. Tell me this—Laius,
how tall was he? How old a man?
890
JOCASTA
He was big—with hair starting to
turn white.
In shape he was not all that unlike you.
OEDIPUS
The worse for me! I may have just
set myself
under a dreadful curse without my knowledge!
JOCASTA
What do you mean? As I look at you,
my king,
I start to tremble.
OEDIPUS
I am afraid,
full of terrible fears the prophet sees.
But you can reveal this better if you now
will tell me one thing more.
JOCASTA
I’m shaking,
but if you ask me, I will answer you.
900
OEDIPUS
Did Laius have a small escort with
him [750]
or a troop of soldiers, like a royal king?
JOCASTA
Five men, including a herald, went
with him.
A carriage carried Laius.
OEDIPUS
Alas! Alas!
It’s all too clear! Lady, who told you this?
JOCASTA
A servant—the only one who got
away.
He came back here.
OEDIPUS
Is there any chance
he’s in our household now?
JOCASTA
No.
Once he returned and understood that you
had now assumed the power of slaughtered Laius, 910
he clasped my hands, begged me to send him off
[760]
to where our animals graze out in the fields,
so he could be as far away as possible
from the sight of town. And so I sent him.
He was a slave but he’d earned my gratitude.
He deserved an even greater favour.
OEDIPUS
I’d like him to return back here to
us,
and quickly, too.
JOCASTA
That can be arranged—
but why’s that something you would want to do?
OEDIPUS
Lady, I’m afraid I may have said
too much. 920
That’s why I want to see him here in front of
me.
JOCASTA
Then he will be here. But now, my
lord,
I deserve to learn why you are so distressed. [770]
OEDIPUS
My forebodings now have grown so
great
I will not keep them from you, for who is there
I should confide in rather than in you
about such a twisted turn of fortune.
My father was Polybus
of Corinth,
my mother Merope, a
Dorian.
There I was regarded as the finest man
930
in all the city, until, as chance would have it,
something really astonishing took place,
though it was not worth what it made me to do.
At dinner there a man who was quite drunk
from too much wine began to shout at me,
claiming I was not my father’s real son.
[780]
That troubled me, but
for a day at least
I said nothing, though it was difficult.
The next day I went to ask my parents,
my father and mother. They were angry 940
at the man who had insulted them this way,
so I was reassured. But nonetheless,
the accusation always troubled me—
the story had become known everywhere.
And so I went in secret off to Delphi.
I didn’t tell my mother or my father.
Apollo sent me back without an answer,
so I didn’t learn what I had come to find.
But when he spoke he uttered monstrous things,
[790]
strange terrors and horrific miseries—
950
it was my fate to defile my mother’s bed,
to bring forth to men a human family
that people could not bear to look upon,
and slay the father who engendered me.
When I heard that, I ran away from Corinth.
From then on I thought of it just as a place
beneath the stars. I went to other lands,
so I would never see that prophecy
fulfilled,
the abomination of my evil fate.
In my travelling I came across that place 960
in which you say your king was murdered.
And now, lady, I will tell you the truth.
[800]
As I was on the move, I passed close by
a spot where three roads meet, and in that place
I met a herald and a horse-drawn carriage,
with a man inside, just as you described.
The guide there tried to force me off the road—
and the old man, too, got personally involved.
In my rage, I lashed out at the driver,
who was shoving me aside. The old man, 970
seeing me walking past him in the carriage,
kept his eye on me, and with his double whip
struck me on my head, right here on top.
Well, I retaliated in good measure—
[810]
I hit him a quick blow with the staff I held
and knocked him from his carriage to the road.
He lay there on his back. Then I killed them
all.
If that stranger was somehow
linked to Laius,
who is now more unfortunate than me?
What man could be more hateful to the gods? 980
No stranger and no citizen can welcome him
into their lives or speak to him. Instead,
they must keep him from their doors, a curse
I laid upon myself. With these hands of mine,
[820]
these killer’s hands, I now contaminate
the dead man’s bed. Am I not depraved?
Am I not utterly abhorrent?
Now I must fly into exile and there,
a fugitive, never see my people,
never set foot in my native land again— 990
or else I must get married to my mother
and kill my father, Polybus,
who raised me,
the man who gave me life. If anyone
claimed this came from some malevolent god,
would he not be right? O you gods,
you pure, blessed gods, may I not see that day!
[830]
Let me rather vanish from the sight of men,
before I see a fate like that engulf me.
CHORUS LEADER
My lord, to us
these things are ominous.
But you must sustain your hope until you hear 1000
the servant who was present at the time.
OEDIPUS
I do have some hope left, at least
enough
to wait for the man we’ve summoned from the
fields.
JOCASTA
Once he comes, what do you hope to
hear?
OEDIPUS
I’ll tell you. If we discover what
he says
matches what you say, then I’ll escape disaster.
[840]
JOCASTA
What was so remarkable in what I
said?
OEDIPUS
You said that in his story the man
claimed
Laius was murdered by a band of thieves.
If he still says that there were several men, 1010
then I was not the killer, since one man
could never be mistaken for a crowd.
But if he says it was a single man,
the scales of justice guilt sink down on me.
JOCASTA
Well, that’s certainly what he
reported then.
He cannot now withdraw what he once said.
The whole city heard him, not just me alone.
[850]
But even if he changes that old news,
he cannot ever demonstrate, my lord,
that Laius’ murder fits the prophecy.
1020
For Apollo clearly said the man would die
at the hands of an infant born from me.
Now, how did that unhappy son of ours
kill Laius, when he’d perished long before?
As far as these predictions go, from now on
I would not look for confirmation anywhere.
OEDIPUS
You’re right in what you say. But
nonetheless,
send for that peasant. Don’t fail to do that.
[860]
JOCASTA
I’ll call him here as quickly as I
can.
Let’s go inside. I’ll not do anything
1030
which does not meet with your approval.
[OEDIPUS and JOCASTA go into the palace
together]
CHORUS
I pray fate still finds me worthy,
demonstrating piety and reverence
in all I say and do—in everything
our loftiest traditions consecrate,
those laws engendered in the heavenly skies,
whose only father is Olympus.
They were not born from mortal men,
nor will they sleep and be forgotten.
[870]
In them lives an
ageless mighty god.
1040
Insolence gives birth to tyranny—
that insolence which vainly crams itself
and overflows with so much wealth
beyond what’s right or beneficial,
that once it’s climbed the highest rooftop,
it’s hurled down by force—such a quick fall
there’s no safe landing on one’s feet.
But I pray the god never will abolish
the rivalry so beneficial to our state. [880]
That god I will hold onto
always, 1050
the one who stands as our protector.15
But if a
man conducts himself
disdainfully in what he says and does,
and manifests no fear of righteousness,
no reverence for the statues of the gods,
may miserable fate seize such a man
for his disastrous arrogance,
if he does not behave with justice [890]
when he strives to benefit himself,
appropriates all things impiously,
1060
and, like a fool, profanes the sacred.
What man is there who does such things
who can still claim he will ward off
the arrow of the gods aimed at his heart?
If such actions are considered worthy,
why should we honour god in sacred dances?
No
longer will I go in reverence
to the sacred stone, earth’s very centre,
or to the temple at Abae
or Olympia,
[900]
if these prophecies fail to be fulfilled
1070
and manifest themselves to mortal men.
But you, all-conquering, all-ruling Zeus,
if by right those names belong to you,
let this not evade you and your ageless might.
For ancient oracles which
dealt with Laius
are withering—men now set them aside.
Nowhere is Apollo honoured publicly,
and our religious faith is dying away.
[910]
[JOCASTA enters from the palace and
moves to an altar to Apollo which stands outside the palace doors.
She is accompanied by one or two SERVANTS]
JOCASTA
You leading citizens of Thebes, I
think
it is appropriate for me to visit 1080
our gods’ sacred shrines, bearing in my hands
this garland and an offering of incense.
For Oedipus has let excessive pain
seize on his heart and does not understand
what’s happening now by thinking of the past,
like a man with sense. Instead he listens to
whoever speaks to him of dreadful things.
I can do nothing more with my advice,
and so, Lycean Apollo,
I come to you,
who stand here beside us, a suppliant, 1090 [920]
with offerings and prayers for you to find
some way of cleansing what corrupts us.
For now we are afraid, just like those
who on a ship see their helmsman terrified.
[JOCASTA sets her offerings on the
altar. A MESSENGER enters, an older man]
MESSENGER
Strangers, can you tell me where I
find
the house of Oedipus, your king? Better yet,
if you know, can you tell me where he is?
CHORUS LEADER
His home is here, stranger, and
he’s inside.
This lady is the mother of his children.
MESSENGER
May her happy home always be
blessed, 1100
for she is his queen, true mistress of his
house.
[930]
JOCASTA
I wish the same for you, stranger.
Your fine words
make you deserve as much. But tell us now
why you have come. Do you seek information,
or do you wish to give us some report?
MESSENGER
Lady, I have good news for your
whole house—
and for your husband, too.
JOCASTA
What news is that?
Where have you come from?
MESSENGER
I’ve come from Corinth.
I’ll give you my report at once, and then
you will, no doubt, be glad, although perhaps 1110
you will be sad, as well.
JOCASTA
What is your news?
How can it have two such effects at once?
MESSENGER
The people who
live there, in the lands
beside the Isthmus, will make him their
king.16
They have announced it. [940]
JOCASTA
What are you saying?
Is old man Polybus no
longer king?
MESSENGER
No. He is dead and in his grave.
JOCASTA
What?
Has Oedipus’ father died?
MESSENGER
Yes.
If what I’m telling you is not the truth,
then I deserve to die.
JOCASTA [to a servant]
You there— 1120
go at once and tell this to your master.
[SERVANT goes into the palace]
O you
oracles of the gods, so much for you.
Oedipus has for so long been afraid
that he would murder him. He ran away.
And now Polybus has
died, killed by Fate
and not by Oedipus.
[Enter OEDIPUS from the palace]
OEDIPUS
Ah, Jocasta,
my dearest wife, why have you summoned me
[950]
to leave our home and come out here?
JOCASTA
You must hear this man, and as you
listen,
decide for yourself what these prophecies,
1130
these solemn proclamations from the gods,
amount to.
OEDIPUS
Who is this man? What report
does he have for me?
JOCASTA
He comes from Corinth,
bringing news that Polybus,
your father,
no longer is alive. He’s dead.
OEDIPUS
What?
Stranger, let me hear from you in person.
MESSENGER
If I must first report my news
quite plainly,
then I should let you know that Polybus
has passed away. He’s gone.
OEDIPUS
By treachery,
or was it the result of some disease?
1140 [960]
MESSENGER
With old bodies a slight weight on
the scales
brings final peace.
OEDIPUS
Apparently his death
was from an illness?
MESSENGER
Yes, and from old age.
OEDIPUS
Alas! Indeed, lady, why should any
man
pay due reverence to Apollo’s shrine,
where his prophet lives, or to those birds
which scream out overhead? For
they foretold
that I was going to murder my own father.
But now he’s dead and lies beneath the earth,
and I am here. I never touched my spear.
1150
Perhaps he died from a desire to see me—
so in that sense I brought about his death.
[970]
But as for those prophetic oracles,
they’re worthless. Polybus
has taken them
to Hades, where he lies.
JOCASTA
Was I not the one
who predicted this some time ago?
OEDIPUS
You did,
but then I was misguided by my fears.
JOCASTA
You must not keep on filling up
your heart
with all these things.
OEDIPUS
But my mother’s bed—
Surely I should still
be afraid of that?
1160
JOCASTA
Why should a man whose life seems
ruled by chance
live in fear—a man who never looks ahead,
who has no certain vision of his future?
It’s best to live haphazardly, as best one can.
Do not worry you will wed your mother.
[980]
It’s true that in their dreams a lot of men
have slept with their own mothers, but someone
who ignores all this bears life more easily.
OEDIPUS
Everything you say would be
commendable,
if my mother were not still alive. 1170
But since she is, I must remain afraid,
although what you are saying is right.
JOCASTA
But still,
your father’s death is a great comfort to us.
OEDIPUS
Yes, it is good, I know. But I do fear
that lady—she is still alive.
MESSENGER
This one you fear,
what kind of woman is she?
OEDIPUS
Old man,
her name is Merope,
wife to Polybus.
[990]
MESSENGER
And what in her makes you so
fearful?
OEDIPUS
Stranger,
a dreadful prophecy sent from the god.
MESSENGER
Is it well known? Or something private, 1180
which another person has no right to know?
OEDIPUS
No, no. It’s public knowledge. Loxias
once said it was my fate that I would marry
my own mother and shed my
father’s blood
with my own hands.17 That’s why, many years ago,
I left my home in Corinth. Things turned out
well,
but nonetheless it gives the sweetest joy
to look into the eyes of one’s own parents.
MESSENGER
And because you were afraid of her [1000]
you stayed away from Corinth?
OEDIPUS
And because 1190
I did not want to be my father’s killer.
MESSENGER
My lord, since I came to make you
happy,
why do I not relieve you of this fear?
OEDIPUS
You would receive from me a worthy thanks.
MESSENGER
That’s really why I came—so your
return
might prove a benefit to me back home.
OEDIPUS
But I will never go back to my
parents.
MESSENGER
My son, it is so clear you have no
idea
what you are doing . . .
OEDIPUS [interrupting]
What do you mean, old man?
In the name of all the gods, tell me.
1200
MESSENGER
. . . if that’s the reason you’re a
fugitive [1010]
and won’t go home.
OEDIPUS
I feared Apollo’s prophecy
might reveal itself in me.
MESSENGER
You were afraid
you might become corrupted through your parents?
OEDIPUS
That’s right, old man. That was my
constant fear.
MESSENGER
Are you aware these fears of yours
are groundless?
OEDIPUS
And why is that? If
I was born their child . . .
MESSENGER
Because you and Polybus
were not related.
OEDIPUS
What do you mean? Was not Polybus my father?
MESSENGER
He was as much your father as this man here, 1210
no more, no less.
OEDIPUS
But how can any man
who means nothing to me be the same
as my own father?
MESSENGER
But Polybus
was not your father, no more than I am.
[1020]
OEDIPUS
Then why did he call me his son?
MESSENGER
If you must know,
he received you many years ago as a gift.
I gave you to him.
OEDIPUS
He really loved me.
How could he if I came from someone else?
MESSENGER
Well, before you came, he had no
children—
that made him love you.
OEDIPUS
When you gave me to him, 1220
had you bought me or found me by accident?
MESSENGER
I found you in Cithaeron’s forest
valleys.
OEDIPUS
What were you doing wandering up
there?
MESSENGER
I was looking after flocks of
sheep.
OEDIPUS
You were a shepherd, just a hired
servant
roaming here and there?
MESSENGER
Yes, my son, I was.
But at that time I was the one who saved you.
[1030]
OEDIPUS
When you picked me up and took me
off,
what sort of suffering was I going through?
MESSENGER
The ankles on your feet could tell
you that. 1230
OEDIPUS
Ah, my old misfortune. Why mention that?
MESSENGER
Your ankles had been pierced and pinned
together.
I set them free.
OEDIPUS
My dreadful mark of shame—
I’ve had that scar there since I was a child.
MESSENGER
That’s why fortune gave you your very name,
the one which you still carry.18
OEDIPUS
Tell me,
in the name of heaven, did my parents,
my father or my mother, do this to me?
MESSENGER
I don’t know. The man who gave you
to me
knows more of that than I do.
OEDIPUS
You mean to say 1240
you got me from someone else? It wasn’t you
who stumbled on me?
MESSENGER
No, it wasn’t me.
Another shepherd gave you to me.
[1040]
OEDIPUS
Who?
Who was he? Do you know? Can you tell me
any details, ones you know for certain?
MESSENGER
Well, I think he was one of Laius’
servants—
that’s what people said.
OEDIPUS
You mean king Laius,
the one who ruled this country
years ago?
MESSENGER
That’s right. He was one of the
king’s shepherds.
OEDIPUS
Is he still alive? Can I still see
him? 1250
MESSENGER
You people live here. You’d best
answer that.
OEDIPUS [turning to the Chorus]
Do any of
you here now know the man,
this shepherd he describes? Have you seen him,
either in the fields or here in Thebes?
Answer me. It’s critical, time at last
to find out what this means. [1050]
CHORUS LEADER
The man he mentioned
is, I think, the very peasant from the fields
you wanted to see earlier. But of this
Jocasta could tell
more than anyone.
OEDIPUS
Lady, do you know the man we sent
for— 1260
just minutes ago—the one we summoned here?
Is he the one this messenger refers to?
JOCASTA
Why ask me what he means? Forget
all that.
There’s no point trying to sort out what he
said.
OEDIPUS
With all these indications of the
truth
here in my grasp, I cannot end this now.
I must reveal the details of my birth.
JOCASTA
In the name of the gods, no! If you
have [1060]
some concern for your own life, then stop!
Do not keep on investigating this. 1270
I will suffer—that will be enough.
OEDIPUS
Be brave. Even if I should turn out
to be
born from a shameful mother, whose family
for three generations have been slaves,
you will still have your noble lineage.
JOCASTA
Listen to me, I beg you. Do not do
this.
OEDIPUS
I will not be convinced I should
not learn
the whole truth of what these facts amount to.
JOCASTA
But I care about your own well
being—
what I tell you is for your benefit. 1280
OEDIPUS
What you’re telling me for my own
good
just brings me more distress.
JOCASTA
O you unhappy man!
May you never find out who you really are!
OEDIPUS [to Chorus]
Go, one of you, and bring that
shepherd here.
Leave the lady to enjoy her noble line. [1070]
JOCASTA
Alas, you poor miserable man!
There’s nothing more that I can say to you.
And now I’ll never speak another word.
[JOCASTA runs into the palace]
CHORUS LEADER
Why has the queen rushed off,
Oedipus,
so full of grief? I fear a disastrous storm 1290
will soon break through her silence.
OEDIPUS
Then
let it break,
whatever it is. As for myself,
no matter how base born my family,
I wish to know the seed from where I came.
Perhaps my queen is now ashamed of me
and of my insignificant origin—
she likes to play the noble lady.
But I will never feel myself dishonoured.
[1080]
I see myself as a child of Fortune—
and she is generous, that mother of mine 1300
from whom I spring, and the months, my siblings,
have seen me by turns both small and great.
That’s how I was born. I cannot prove false
to my own nature, nor can I ever cease
from seeking out the facts of my own birth.
CHORUS
If I have any power of prophecy
or skill in knowing things,
then, by the Olympian deities,
you, Cithaeron, at tomorrow’s moon
[1090]
will surely know that Oedipus 1310
pays tribute to you as his native land
both as his mother and his nurse,
and that our choral dance and song
acknowledge you because you are
so pleasing to our king.
O Phoebus, we cry out to you—
may our song fill you with delight!
Who gave
birth to you, my child?
Which one of the immortal gods
bore you to your father Pan, 1320 [1100]
who roams the mountainsides?
Was it some bedmate of Apollo,
the god who loves all country fields?
Perhaps Cyllene’s
royal king?
Or was it the Bacchanalian god
dwelling on the mountain tops
who took you as a new-born joy
from maiden nymphs of Helicon
with whom he often romps and plays?19
OEDIPUS [looking out away from
the palace]
You elders, although
I’ve never seen the man 1330 [1110]
we’ve been seeking for a long time now,
if I had to guess, I think I see him.
He’s coming here. He looks very old—
as is appropriate, if he’s the one.
And I know the people coming with him,
servants of mine. But if you’ve seen him before,
you’ll recognize him better than I will.
CHORUS LEADER
Yes, I recognize the man. There’s
no doubt.
He worked for Laius—a trusty shepherd.
[Enter SERVANT, an old shepherd]
OEDIPUS
Stranger from Corinth, let me first
ask you—
1340
is this the man you
mentioned?
MESSENGER
Yes, he is—
he’s the man you see in front of you. [1120]
OEDIPUS
You, old man, over here. Look at
me.
Now answer what I ask. Some time ago
did you work for Laius?
SERVANT
Yes, as a slave.
But I was not bought. I grew up in his house.
OEDIPUS
How did you live? What was the work
you did?
SERVANT
Most of my life I’ve spent looking
after sheep.
OEDIPUS
Where? In what
particular areas?
SERVANT
On Cithaeron or the neighbouring
lands. 1350
OEDIPUS
Do you know if you came across this
man
anywhere up there?
SERVANT
Doing what?
What man do you mean?
OEDIPUS
The man over here—
this one.
Have you ever run into him?
[1130]
SERVANT
Right now I can’t say I remember
him.
MESSENGER
My lord, that’s surely not
surprising.
Let me refresh his failing memory.
I think he will remember all too well
the time we spent around Cithaeron.
He had two flocks of sheep and I had one.
1360
I was with him there for six months at a
stretch,
from early spring until the autumn season.
In winter I’d drive my sheep down to my folds,
and he’d take his to pens that Laius owned.
Isn’t that what happened—what I’ve just said?
[1140]
SERVANT
You spoke the truth. But it was
long ago.
MESSENGER
All right, then. Now, tell me if
you recall
how you gave me a child, an infant boy,
for me to raise as my own foster son.
SERVANT
What? Why ask about that?
MESSENGER
This man here, my friend, 1370
was that young child back then.
SERVANT
Damn you!
Can’t you keep quiet about it!
OEDIPUS
Hold on, old man.
Don’t criticize him. What you have said
is more objectionable than his account.
SERVANT
My noble master, what have I done
wrong?
OEDIPUS
You did not tell us of that infant
boy, [1150]
the one he asked about.
SERVANT
That’s what he says,
but he knows nothing—a useless busybody.
OEDIPUS
If you won’t tell us of your own
free will,
once we start to hurt you, you will talk.
1380
SERVANT
By all the gods, don’t torture an old man!
OEDIPUS
One of you there, tie up this fellow’s hands.
SERVANT
Why are you doing this? It’s too much for me!
What is it you want to know?
OEDIPUS
That child he mentioned—
did you give it to him?
SERVANT
I did. How I wish
I’d died that day!
OEDIPUS
Well, you are going to die
if you don’t speak the truth.
SERVANT
And if I do,
there’s an even greater chance that I’ll be
killed.
OEDIPUS
It seems to me the man is trying to stall. [1160]
SERVANT
No, no, I’m not. I’ve already told you—
1390
I did give him the child.
OEDIPUS
Where did you get it?
Did it come from your home or somewhere else?
SERVANT
It was not mine—I got it from someone.
OEDIPUS
Which of our citizens? Whose home was it?
SERVANT
In the name of the gods, my lord, don’t ask!
Please, no more questions!
OEDIPUS
If I have to ask again,
then you will die.
SERVANT
The child was born in Laius’ house.
OEDIPUS
From a slave or from some relative of his?
SERVANT
Alas, what I’m about to say now . . .
it’s horrible.
OEDIPUS
And I’m about to hear it. 1400 [1170]
But nonetheless I have to know this.
SERVANT
If you must know, they said the child was his.
But your wife inside the palace is the one
who could best tell you what was going on.
OEDIPUS
You mean she gave the child to you?
SERVANT
Yes, my lord.
OEDIPUS
Why did she do that?
SERVANT
So I would kill it.
OEDIPUS
That wretched woman was the mother?
SERVANT
Yes.
She was afraid of dreadful prophecies.
OEDIPUS
What sort of prophecies?
SERVANT
The story went
that he would kill his father.
OEDIPUS
If that was true, 1410
why did you give the child to this old man?
SERVANT
I pitied the boy, master, and I thought
he’d take the child off to a foreign land
where he was from. But he rescued him,
only to save him for the greatest grief of all.
[1180]
For if you’re the one
this man says you
are
you know your birth carried an awful fate.
OEDIPUS
Ah, so it all came true. It’s so clear now.
O light, let me look at you one final time,
a man who stands revealed as cursed by birth, 1420
cursed by my own family, and cursed
by murder where I should not kill.
[OEDIPUS moves into the palace]
CHORUS
O generations of mortal men,
how I count your life as scarcely living.
What man is there, what human being,
who attains a greater happiness
[1190]
than mere appearances, a joy
which seems to fade away to nothing?
Poor wretched Oedipus, your fate
stands here to demonstrate for me
1430
how no mortal man is ever blessed.
Here was
a man who fired his arrows well—
his skill was matchless—and he won
the highest happiness in everything.
For, Zeus, he slaughtered the hook-taloned Sphinx
and stilled her cryptic song. For our state,
he stood there like a tower against death, [1200]
and from that moment, Oedipus,
we have called you our king
and honoured you above all other men,
1440
the one who rules in mighty Thebes.
But now
who is there whose story
is more terrible to hear? Whose life
has been so changed by trouble,
by such ferocious agonies?
Alas for celebrated Oedipus,
the same spacious place of refuge
served you both as child and father,
the place you entered as a new bridegroom.
[1210]
How could the furrow
where your father planted, 1450
poor wretched man, have tolerated you
in such silence for so long?
Time,
which watches everything
and uncovered you against your will,
now sits in judgment of that fatal marriage,
where child and parent have been joined so long.
O child of Laius, how I wish
I’d never seen you—now
I wail
like one whose mouth pours forth laments.
[1220]
To tell it right, it
was through you 1460
I found my life and breathed again,
and then through you darkness veils my eyes.
[The Second Messenger enters from the
palace]
SECOND MESSENGER
O you most honoured citizens of Thebes,
what actions you will hear about and see,
what sorrows you will bear, if, as natives here,
you are still loyal to the house of Labdacus!
I do not think the Ister
or the Phasis rivers
could cleanse this house. It conceals too much
and soon will bring to light the vilest things,
brought on by choice and not by accident.20 1470 [1230]
What we do to ourselves
brings us most pain.
CHORUS LEADER
The calamities we knew about before
were hard enough to bear. What can you say
to make them worse?
SECOND MESSENGER
I’ll waste no words—
know this—noble Jocasta, our queen, is dead.
CHORUS LEADER
That poor unhappy lady! How did she die?
SECOND MESSENGER
She killed herself. You
did not witness it,
so you’ll be spared the worst of what went on.
But from what I recall of what I saw
you’ll learn how that poor woman suffered.
1480 [1240]
She left here frantic and rushed inside,
fingers on both her hands clenched in her hair.
She ran through the hall straight to her
marriage bed.
She went in, slamming both doors shut behind her
and crying out to Laius, who’s been a corpse
a long time now. She was remembering
that child of theirs born many years ago—
the one who killed his father, who left her
to conceive cursed children with that son.
She lay moaning beside the bed, where she, 1490
poor woman, had given birth twice over—
a husband from a husband, children from a child.
[1250]
How she died after that
I don’t fully know.
With a scream Oedipus came bursting in.
He would not let us see her suffering,
her final pain. We watched him charge around,
back and forth. As he moved, he kept asking us
to give him a sword, as he tried to find
that wife who was no wife—whose mother’s womb
had given birth to him and to his children.
1500
As he raved, some immortal power led him on—
no human in the room came close to him.
With a dreadful howl, as if someone
[1260]
had pushed him, he
leapt at the double doors,
bent the bolts by force out of their sockets,
and burst into the room. Then we saw her.
She was hanging there, swaying, with twisted
cords
roped round her neck. When Oedipus saw her,
with a dreadful groan he took her body
out of the noose in which she hung, and then, 1510
when the poor woman was lying on the ground—
what happened next was a horrific sight—
from her clothes he ripped the golden brooches
she wore as ornaments, raised them high,
and drove them deep into his eyeballs,
[1270]
crying as he did so: “You will no longer see
all those atrocious things I suffered,
the dreadful things I did! No. You have seen
those you never should have looked upon,
and those I wished to know you did not see.
1520
So now and for all
future time be dark!”
With these words he raised his hand and struck,
not once, but many times, right in the sockets.
With every blow blood spurted from his eyes
down on his beard, and not in single drops,
but showers of dark blood spattering like hail.
[1280]
So what these two have
done has overwhelmed
not one alone—this disaster swallows up
a man and wife together. That old happiness
they had before in their rich
ancestry 1530
was truly joy, but now lament and ruin,
death and shame, and all calamities
which men can name are theirs to keep.
CHORUS LEADER
And has that suffering man found some relief
to ease his pain?
SECOND MESSENGER
He
shouts at everyone
to open up the gates and thus reveal
to all Cadmeians his
father’s killer,
his mother’s . . . but I must not say those
words.
He wants them to cast him out of
Thebes, [1290]
so the curse he laid will not come on this
house
1540
if he still lives inside. But he is weak
and needs someone to lead him on his way.
His agony is more than he can bear—
as he will show you—for on the palace doors
the bolts are being pulled back. Soon you will
see
a sight which even a man filled with disgust
would have to pity.
[OEDIPUS enters through the palace
doors]
CHORUS LEADER
An awful fate for human eyes
to witness,
an appalling sight—the worst I’ve ever
seen.
O you poor man, what madness came on
you? 1550
What eternal force pounced on your
life [1300]
and, springing further than the longest leap,
brought you this fearful doom? Alas! Alas!
You unhappy man! I cannot look at you.
I want to ask you many things—there’s much
I wish to learn. You fill me with such horror,
yet there is so much I must see.
OEDIPUS
Aaaiiii, aaaiii . . . Alas! Alas!
How miserable I am . . . such wretchedness . . .
Where do I go? How can the wings of air 1560 [1310]
sweep up my voice? O my destiny,
how far you have sprung now!
CHORUS LEADER
To a fearful place from which men turn away,
a place they hate to look upon.
OEDIPUS
O the dark horror wrapped around me,
this nameless visitor I can’t resist
swept here by fair and fatal winds.
Alas for me! And yet again, alas for me!
The pain of stabbing brooches pierces me!
The memory of agonizing shame! 1570
CHORUS LEADER
In your distress it’s not astonishing
you bear a double load of suffering,
[1320]
a double load of pain.
OEDIPUS
Ah, my friend,
so you still care for me, as always,
and with patience nurse me now I’m blind.
Alas! Alas! You are not hidden from me—
I recognize you all too clearly.
Though I am blind, I know that voice so well.
CHORUS LEADER
You have carried out such dreadful things—
how could you dare to blind yourself this way? 1580
What god drove you to it?
OEDIPUS
It was Apollo, friends.
It was Apollo. He brought on these troubles—
[1330]
the awful things I suffer. But the hand
which stabbed out my eyes was mine
alone.
In my wretched life, why should I have eyes
when nothing I could see would bring me joy?
CHORUS LEADER
What you have said is true enough.
OEDIPUS
What is there for me to see, my friends?
What can I love? Whose greeting can I hear
and feel delight? Hurry now, my friends,
1590 [1340]
lead me away from Thebes—take me somewhere,
a man completely lost, utterly accursed,
the mortal man the gods despise the most.
CHORUS LEADER
Unhappy in your fate and in your mind
which now knows all. Would I had never known
you!
OEDIPUS
Whoever the man is who freed my feet,
who released me from that cruel shackle
[1350]
and rescued me from death, may that man die!
It was a thankless act. Had I perished then,
I would not have brought such
agony 1600
to myself or to my friends.
CHORUS LEADER
I agree—
I would have preferred your death, as well.
OEDIPUS
I would not have come to kill my father,
and men would not see in me the husband
of the woman who gave birth to me.
Now I am abandoned by the
gods,
[1360]
the son of a corrupted mother,
conceiving children with the woman
who gave me my own miserable life.
If there is some suffering more
serious 1610
than all the rest, then it too belongs
in the fate of Oedipus.
CHORUS LEADER
I do not believe
what you did to yourself is for the best.
Better to be dead than alive and blind.
OEDIPUS
Don’t tell me what I’ve done is not the best.
And from now on spare me your
advice.
[1370]
If I could see, I don’t know how my eyes
could look at my own father when I come
to Hades or at my wretched mother.
Against those two I have committed
acts 1620
so vile that even if I hanged myself
that would not be sufficient punishment.
Perhaps you think the sight of my own children
might give me joy? No! Look how they were born!
They could never bring delight to eyes of mine.
Nor could the city or its
massive walls,
or the sacred images of its gods.
I am the most abhorred of men, I,
the finest man of all those bred in
Thebes,
[1380]
I have condemned myself, telling
everyone 1630
they had to banish for impiety
the man the gods have now exposed
as sacrilegious—a son of Laius, too.
With such polluting stains upon me,
could I set eyes on you and hold your gaze?
No. And if I could somehow block my ears
and kill my hearing, I would not hold back.
I’d make a dungeon of this wretched body,
so I would never see or hear again.
For there is joy in isolated
thought, 1640
completely sealed off from a world of pain.
[1390]
O Cithaeron, why did you shelter me?
Why, when I was handed over to you,
did you not do away with me at once,
so I would never then reveal to men
the nature of my birth? Ah Polybus
and Corinth, the place men called my home,
my father’s ancient house, you raised me well—
so fine to look at, so corrupt inside!
Now I’ve been exposed as something
bad, 1650
contaminated in my origins.
O you three roads and hidden forest grove,
you thicket and defile where three paths meet,
you who swallowed down my father’s
blood
[1400]
from my own hands, do you remember me,
what I did there in front of you and then
what else I did when I came here to Thebes?
Ah, you marriage rites—you gave birth to me,
and when I was born, you gave birth again,
children from the child of that same
womb, 1660
creating an incestuous blood family
of fathers, brothers, children, brides,
wives and mothers—the most atrocious act
that human beings commit! But it is wrong
to talk about what it is wrong to do,
so in the name of all the gods, act quickly—
hide me somewhere outside the land of
Thebes,
[1410]
or slaughter me, or hurl me in the sea,
where you will never gaze on me again.
Come, allow yourself to
touch a wretched
man. 1670
Listen to me, and do not be afraid—
for this disease infects no one but me.
CHORUS LEADER
Creon is coming. He is
just in time
to plan and carry out what you propose.
With you gone he’s the only one who’s left
to act as guardian of Thebes.
OEDIPUS
Alas,
how will I talk to him? How can I ask him
to put his trust in me? Not long
ago
[1420]
I showed I had no faith in him at all.
[Enter Creon]
CREON
Oedipus, I have not come here to
mock 1680
or blame you for disasters in the past.
But if you can no longer value human beings,
at least respect our lord the Sun, whose light
makes all things grow, and do not put on show
pollution of this kind in such a public way,
for neither earth nor light nor sacred rain
can welcome such a sight.
[Creon speaks
to the attending servants]
Take him inside the house
as quickly as you can. The kindest thing
would be for members of his
family
[1430]
to be the only ones to see and hear
him. 1690
OEDIPUS
By all the gods, since you are acting now
so differently from what I would expect
and have come here to treat me graciously,
the very worst of men, do what I ask.
I will speak for your own benefit, not mine.
CREON
What are you so keen to get from me?
OEDIPUS
Cast me out as quickly as you can,
away from Thebes, to a place where no one,
no living human being, will cross my path.
CREON
That is something I could do, of
course, 1700
but first I wish to know what the god says
about what I should do.
OEDIPUS
But what he
said
[1440]
was all so clear—the man who killed his father
must be destroyed. And that corrupted man
is me.
CREON
Yes, that is what was said. But now,
with things the way they are, the wisest thing
is to ascertain quite clearly what to do.
OEDIPUS
Will you then be making a request
on my behalf when I am so depraved?
CREON
I will. For even you must now trust in the
gods. 1710
OEDIPUS
Yes, I do. And I have a task for you
as I make this plea—that woman in the house,
please bury her as you see fit. You are the one
to give your own the proper funeral rites.
But never let my father’s city be condemned
to have me living here while I still
live.
[1450]
Let me
make my home up in the mountains
by Cithaeron, whose fame is now my own.
When my father and mother were alive,
they chose it as my special burying
place— 1720
and thus, when I die, I shall be following
the orders of the ones who tried to kill me.
And yet I know this much—no disease
nor any other suffering can
kill me—
for I would never have been saved from death
unless I was to suffer a strange destiny.
But wherever my fate leads, just let it go.
As for my two sons, Creon,
there’s no need
for you to care for them on my behalf.
They are men, and, no
matter where they are,
1730 [1460]
they’ll always have enough to live on.21
But my two poor daughters have never known
my dining table placed away from them
or lacked their father’s presence. They shared
everything I touched—that’s how it’s always
been.
So take care of them for me. But first let me
feel them with my hands and then I’ll grieve.
Oh my lord, you noble heart, let me do that—
if my hands could touch them it would seem
as if I were with them when I still could see.
1740 [1470]
[Some SERVANTS lead ANTIGONE and ISMENE
out of the palace]
What’s
this? By all the gods I hear something—
is it my two dear children crying . . . ?
Has Creon taken pity
on me
and sent out the children, my dear treasures?
Is that what’s happening?
CREON
Yes. I sent for them.
I know the joy they’ve always given you—
the joy which you feel now.
OEDIPUS
I wish you well.
And for this act, may the god watch over you
and treat you better than he treated me.
Ah, my children, where are you? Come
here, 1750 [1480]
come into my arms—you are my sisters now—
feel these hands which turned your father’s
eyes,
once so bright, into what you see now,
these empty sockets. He was a man who,
seeing nothing, knowing nothing, fathered you
with the woman who had given birth to him.
I weep for you. Although I cannot see,
I think about your life in days to come,
the bitter life which men will force on you.
What citizens will associate with
you?
1760
What feasts will you attend and not come home
in tears, with no share in the
rejoicing?
[1490]
When you’re mature enough for marriage,
who will be there for you, my children,
what husband ready to assume the shame
tainting my children and their children, too?
What perversion is not manifest in us?
Your father killed his father, and then ploughed
his mother’s womb—where he himself was born—
conceiving you where he, too, was
conceived.
1770
Those are the insults they will hurl at
you.
[1500]
Who, then, will marry
you? No one, my children.
You must wither, barren and unmarried.
Son of Menoeceus, with
both parents gone,
you alone remain these children’s father.
Do not let them live as vagrant paupers,
wandering around unmarried. You are
a relative of theirs—don’t let them sink
to lives of desperation like my own.
Have pity. You see them now at their young
age 1780
deprived of everything except a share
in what you are. Promise me, you noble soul,
you will extend your hand to them. And
you,
[1510]
my children, if your minds were now mature,
there’s so much I could say. But I urge you—
pray that you may live as best you can
and lead your destined life more happily
than your own father.
CREON
You have grieved enough.
Now go into the house.
OEDIPUS
I must obey,
although that’s not what I desire.
CREON
In due time 1790
all things will work out for the best.
OEDIPUS
I will go.
But you know there are conditions.
CREON
Tell me.
Once I hear them, I’ll know what they are.
OEDIPUS
Send me away to live outside of Thebes.
CREON
Only the god can give you what you ask.
OEDIPUS
But I’ve become abhorrent to the gods.
CREON
Then you should quickly get what you desire.
OEDIPUS
So you
agree? [1520]
CREON
I don’t like to speak
thoughtlessly and say what I don’t mean.
OEDIPUS
Come then, lead me off.
CREON
All
right, 1800
but let go of the children.
OEDIPUS
No, no!
Do not take them away from me.
CREON
Don’t try to be in charge of everything.
Your life has lost the power you once had.
[CREON, OEDIPUS, ANTIGONE, ISMENE, and
ATTENDANTS all enter the palace]22
CHORUS
You residents of Thebes, our native land,
look on this man, this Oedipus, the one
who understood that celebrated riddle.
He was the most powerful of men.
All citizens who witnessed this man’s wealth
were envious. Now what a surging
tide 1810
of terrible disaster sweeps around him.
So while we wait to see that final day,
we cannot call a mortal being happy
before he’s passed beyond life free from
pain. [1530]
NOTES
1Cadmus: legendary founder of Thebes. Hence, the citizens
of Thebes were often called children of Cadmus or Cadmeians. [Back to Text]
2Pallas: Pallas Athena. There were two shrines
to her in Thebes. Ismenus: A temple to
Apollo Ismenios where burnt offerings were the basis
for the priest’s divination. [Back to text]
3cruel singer: a reference to the Sphinx, a monster with the
body of a lion, wings, and the head and torso of a woman. After the death of
king Laius, the Sphinx tyrannized Thebes by not letting anyone into or out of
the city, unless the person could answer the following riddle: “What walks on
four legs in the morning, on two legs at noon, and three legs in the evening?”
Those who could not answer were killed and eaten. Oedipus provided the answer
(a human being), and thus saved the city. The Sphinx then committed
suicide. [Back to text]
4berries: a suppliant to Apollo’s shrine
characteristically wore such a garland if he received favourable news. [Back to text]
5Ares, god of war and killing, was often disapproved
of by the major Olympian deities. Amphitrite: was a goddess of the
sea, married to Poseidon. [Back to text]
6Lyceian Lord:
a reference to Apollo, god of light. [Back to text]
7. .
. among gods: Dionysus was also called Bacchus, and Thebes was
sometimes called Baccheia (belonging to Bacchus).
The Maenads are the followers of Dionysus. [Back to text]
8lustral water: water purified in a communal religious
ritual. [Back to text]
9Agenor: founder of the Theban royal family;
his son Cadmus moved from Sidon in Asia Minor to Greece and
founded Thebes. Polydorus: son of Cadmus,
father of Labdacus, and hence grandfather of
Laius. [Back to text]
10Cithaeron: the sacred mountain outside
Thebes. [Back to text]
11Zeus’ son: a reference to Apollo. The Furies are
the goddesses of blood revenge. [Back to text]
12Parnassus: a famous mountain some distance from
Thebes, but visible from the city. [Back to text]
13Polybus: ruler of Corinth, who raised Oedipus
and is thus believed to be his father. The house of Labdacus
is the Theban royal family (i.e., Laius, Jocasta, and Creon). [Back to text]
14There is some argument about who speaks which lines in 622-626 of
the Greek text. I follow Jebb’s suggestions,
ascribing 625 to Creon, to whom it seems clearly to
belong (in spite of the manuscripts) and adding a line to indicate Oedipus’
response. [Back to text]
15This part of the choral song makes an important distinction between
two forms of self-assertive action: the first breeds self-aggrandizement and
greed; the second is necessary for the protection of the state. [Back to text]
16Isthmus: The city of Corinth stood on the
narrow stretch of land (the Isthmus) connecting the Peloponnese with mainland
Greece, a very strategic position. [Back to text]
17Loxias: a common name for Apollo. [Back to the text]
18. . . still carry: the name Oedipus can be
construed to mean either “swollen feet” or “knowledge of one’s feet.” Both
terms evoke a strongly ironic sense of how Oedipus, for all his fame as a man
of knowledge, is ignorant about his origin. [Back to text]
19Cyllene’s king is the god Hermes, who was born on Mount Cyllene; the Bacchanalian god is Dionysus. [Back to text]
20This line refers, not the entire story, but to what Jocasta and Oedipus have just done to themselves. [Back to the text]
21Oedipus’ two sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, would probably be
fifteen or sixteen years old at this time, not old enough to succeed
Oedipus. [Back to text]
22It is not entirely clear from these final lines whether Oedipus now
leaves Thebes or not. According to Jebb’s commentary
(line 1519), in the traditional story on which Sophocles is relying, Oedipus
was involuntarily held at Thebes for some time before the citizens and Creon expelled him from the city. Creon’s
lines suggest he is going to wait to hear from the oracle before deciding about
Oedipus. However, there is a powerful dramatic logic in having Oedipus stumble
off away from the palace. In Book 23 of the Iliad, Homer indicates
that Oedipus died at Thebes, and there were funeral games held in his honour in
that city. [Back to text]
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